Curling is an enigma that every four years mesmerizes the Olympic viewing public. There is something intriguing about the 16th-century sport where two teams take turns pushing stones down the ice while other team members furiously sweep. But, for those viewers outside the curling community, watching curling leads to many questions. Why does the stone curl? Why does the ice have bumps on it? Why are they sweeping the ice?
Curling is named after the unique turning that occurs at the end of the stone's path on the ice. The curling stone, or rock, is made of dense polished granite from Ailsa Craig, Scotland, and in the Olympics, each rock weighs 19.1 kg (44 lbs). The bottom of the stone is concave so that only the outside ring, called the running band, is in contact with the ice. This minimizes the friction and allows the stone to slide farther. So what causes this curling motion?
Each ice sheet is different. Curlers must master reading the ice to know how much a stone they throw will curl, but they also can affect the stone’s curl. The reason the ice has bumps and the reason the teams sweep the ice in front of the stone are both to control friction and control the curl of the stone. Adding bumps to the ice is known as pebbling. Ice technicians sprinkle two layers of water droplets on top of the ice that freeze to form two heights of bumps. The pebbles, just like the concavity in the bottom of the stone, minimize the surface area of the rock and therefore minimize the friction. If the ice were flat, the friction on the stone would be too high and the rock would not travel half as far. Pebbling was designed to mimic the natural snow and pebbles that were on the ice when curling was played outside.
Curlers sweep the ice to help the stone travel farther and straighter.
Sweeping in front of the stone reduces friction and helps the curlers control the amount of curl the stone undergoes. The sweeping quickly heats and melts the pebbles on the ice leaving a film of water. This film reduces the friction between the stone and ice. The curling team is strategic in how much sweeping they do in front of each stone. If they want a stone to travel farther with less curl, they sweep more. If they want more curl or shorter travel, they do less sweeping. The position of the sweepers is also strategic. The sweeper closer to the stone has more influence because the stone has more time to travel over the water film before it re-freezes. Curling is the only sport where you can change the direction of a projectile once it leaves the thrower's hand.
Working in the stone industry, we occasionally find ourselves learning things that are very interesting, but aren’t exactly in our wheelhouse.
Curling is one of these things.
Curling is a winter sport that was originally played in medieval Scotland. You’ve probably seen it during the winter Olympics, where it made intermittent appearances for almost a century, until it was finally added to the official program in 1998. It is played on a strip of ice – called the sheet – 45 meters long by 5 meters wide. At either end of the sheet there are circles – called houses – that look like targets, which are where scoring takes place.
Typically played by two teams of four, players take turns sliding granite ‘stones’ down the sheet into the house. Scoring is calculated by how close the stones are to the center of the house. The granite stones weigh around 40 pounds, are at least 4.5 inches tall and can have a circumference of up to 36 inches. Each team uses eight of these stones per match.
Curling stones are made of granite from only two quarries in the world: one on the Scottish island of Ailsa Craig and the other in Wales. Curling stones require this rare granite because it has low water absorption, which prevents the actions of repeatedly freezing and thawing from eroding the stone.
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